The Early Wightons |
What happened to the pronunciation/spelling of Wictun in the Middle English period? |
In the previous page, I determined that the Old English source word for the Norfolk Village - Wighton, was wictun meaning farmstead with a dwelling or variations on that theme. I was also able to determine that the Anglo Saxons probably pronounced that word as weechtoon. That pronunciation was very close to a couple of the variant surnames that were common in Scotland in the 1600s, but it was not close to many of the other variant surnames. I decided to research what happened linguistically after the Norman conquest. The Normans spoke a dialect of Old French that was known as Anglo-Norman. This dialect had considerable Germanic influences in addition to its basic Latin roots and its Roman alphabet. At first, the ruling classes spoke only Anglo-Norman while the masses spoke only Old English. In time, the two languages morphed into what we now call Middle English. This period lasted from about 1150 to 1500. While a large number of Norman words found their way into the language, and while the sound of the language was influenced by the Germanic and French pronunciations, our interest into events of the time is driven by what happened to how words were written. Writing was confined to the upper-classes and church officials and that meant that Anglo-Norman conventions were used. Since there were no spelling standards at the time, writers spelled words phonetically according to French pronunciation and with the Roman alphabet which had some distinct differences from Old English. Some unique Anglo-Saxon letters were replaced by Roman letters; some spelling conventions changed. Importantly, since spelling was based on phonetics, and there was no standard set of orthographical rules, there could be a number of different ways to represent the same sound in writing. Here's a chart showing how a select set of letters and letter combinations would be pronounced during the Middle English period. |
Middle English Sounds | |
[a] (short) | Pronounced as the sound {uh} as in {but} |
[c] [ch] [g] [gh] | For our purposes, all of these could be used interchangeably to produce the {ch} sound as in {witch} or German {nicht} |
h | When used on its own after an [i], [h] could appear without the [g] or the [c] to produce the {ch} sound |
[i] (long) | Gives the sound as in {seen} and {machine} as was used in Old English. |
[n] | Modern English Pronunciation. |
[on] [oun] [un] | Due to the complexity of the script being employed after the Norman conquest, scribes would use these interchangeably for the sake of legibility (Source: History and Structure) All three would produce the {oon} sound |
[t] | Modern English Pronunciation. |
[u] long | Produces an {oo} sound. [on], [un], and [oun] were interchangeable |
[V] | In Northern England and Scotland, the letter [V] was used in place of [W] at the beginning of words although the [W] sound remained. (Source: Mosse) |
[w] | Modern English Pronunciation. |
[y] | Interchangeable with the vowel [i] with its {ee} sound |
Now, let's apply what we've learned to some of the variants of our surname that were in common use in Scotland in the 1600s. |
Variants of the Wighton Surname in Scotland | ||
Variant |
Rule Reminder |
Modern English Pronunciation |
Wighton, Wightoun | i = {ee}, gh = {ch}, on/oun = {oon} | Weechtoon |
Vighton, Wyghton | V=W; y=i | Weechtoon |
Wichton | i = {ee}, on/onn = {oon} | Weechtoon |
Vichtoun, Wichtoun, Vychtoun, Wychtoun | V=W; y=i | Weechtoon |
From the chart above, it's clear that all 9 of those variant surnames can be tied directly to the Anglo-Saxon word Wictun - they all are pronounced as Weechtoon. About 2/3 of our Scottish ancestors are represented in that chart. However, there are still some variants that can't be tied to Wictun. And, for the Wightons reading this report, you probably don't pronounce your name as Weechtoon either. That's probably leaving you with some questions still to be answered. That's OK. I've only given you my research up to 1500s. We still have the Modern English period to talk about. That's coming up next. |
|
Sources Clark, John William (1957). Early English. Victoria Public Library, 429 C593 Mosse, Fernand, 1996. Handbook of Middle English. University of Victoria Library, PE535 M62. Various web sites, including Answers.com (http://www.answers.com/topic/middle-english) Chaucer's Pronunciation, Vocabulary, and Vocabulary (http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/pronunciation/) Dictionary of the Scots Language (http://www.dsl.ac.uk/)(Select SND Introduction) History and Structure of the English Language (http://home.yawl.com.br/hp/sedycias/histing11.htm) |
You have just completed reading Essay #13, What happened to the pronunciation/spelling of Wictun in the Middle English period? Click a button below to read another essay about The Early Wightons. Or you can return to the website's home page, from where you'll be able to read information about The Meigle Wightons, the line of Wightons descending from John Wighton and Helen Mill who married in Meigle in 1734.